The solubility of nitrocellulose was the basis for the first «artificial silk» by Georges Audemars in 1855, which he called «Rayon». In light of the explosive results, this process was called the «Hyatt gun method». John Wesley Hyatt created the winning replacement, which he created with a new material he invented, called camphored nitrocellulose-the first thermoplastic, better known as celluloid. This allowed rayon to become a popular raw material in textiles. Nathan Rosenstein invented the «spunize process» by which he turned rayon from a hard fiber to a fabric. Although triacetate does not decompose in as dangerous a way as nitrate does, it is still subject to a process known as deacetylation, often nicknamed «vinegar syndrome» (due to the acetic acid smell of decomposing film) by archivists, which causes the film to shrink, deform, become brittle and eventually unusable. Despite its self-oxidizing hazards, nitrate is still regarded highly as the stock is more transparent than replacement stocks, and older films used denser silver in the emulsion. In 1869, with elephants having been poached to near extinction, the billiards industry offered a US$10,000 prize to whoever came up with the best replacement for ivory billiard balls.
8, 9.5, and 16 mm film stocks, intended for amateur and other nontheatrical use, were never manufactured with a nitrate base in the west, but rumors exist of 16 mm nitrate film having been produced in the former Soviet Union and China. But don’t worry. They’re not too complicated and once you play for a while, you’ll be able to recognize them all immediately without even having to think about it. They often do this instinctively, even if they don’t know the term English. So now you know that white balls are heavier in the pool than snooker.What difference would you notice in playing with a larger cue ball? It’s made of a thicker, heavier cotton, but it’s still soft and comfy. It’s easy to distinguish billiards because the table used does not have pockets. In Snooker, there is a total of 21 balls on the table. Some holes are in a sort of pot, which, though small just where the hole is, nevertheless has widely expanding sides, and you probably will find your ball dead if you get it into it at all from any distance; but another is on a table-land, where the chief difficulty is not to get the ball on the table-land but to keep it there.
If you don’t want to talk yourself you can be as dumb as a drum with a hole in it, as Sam Weller says, and you may go farther, and forbid anybody to speak to you; but to stamp and swear because somebody within hearing distance of you chooses to talk to a friend is ridiculous and silly, partly because it is contemptible, and partly because, as you are not in a position to stop all conversation on the links, you must grin and bear it. In the first place a valuable hint may surely be found in the development of Rugby football. The first four turns must be taken to play the four balls onto the lawn from one of two «baulk lines» defined as one yard into the lawn on the western half of the south boundary and the eastern half of the north boundary. The first explanation is that the ancestral game was introduced to Britain from France during the 1660-1685 reign of Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland and was played under the name of paille-maille (among other spellings, today usually pall-mall), derived ultimately from Latin words for ‘ball and mallet’ (the latter also found in the name of the earlier French game, jeu de mail).
By the late 1870s, however, croquet had been eclipsed by another fashionable game, lawn tennis, and many of the newly created croquet clubs, including the All England Club at Wimbledon, converted some or all of their lawns into tennis courts. The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club at Wimbledon is famous for its lawn tennis tournament, but retains an active croquet section. By the late 1990s, polyester had almost entirely superseded triacetate for the production of intermediate elements and release prints. It remained in almost exclusive use in all film gauges until the 1980s, when polyester/PET film began to supersede it for intermediate and release printing. Many were opposed to the use of polyester for release prints for this reason, and because ultrasonic splicers are very expensive, beyond the budgets of many smaller theaters. As such, you’ll find more and more billiard light fixtures that are designed for use with LED bulbs. Curious to learn more? The crucial advantage cellulose triacetate had over nitrate was that it was no more of a fire risk than paper (the stock is often referred to as «non-flam»: this is true-but it is combustible, just not in as volatile or as dangerous a way as nitrate), while it almost matched the cost and durability of nitrate.

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